Korean and Japanese eggplant varieties are typically thin-skinned.[37]. Typically used as a vegetable in cooking, it is a berry by botanical definition. With approximately 450 species, spiny Solanum species constitute the largest monophyletic group in the Solanaceae family, but a high-quality genome assembly from this group is presently missing. Names for various eggplant types, such as {{lang|la|agreste, album, divaricatum, esculentum, giganteum, globosi, inerme, insanum, leucoum, luteum, multifidum, oblongo-cylindricum, ovigera, racemiflorum, racemosum, ruber, rumphii, sinuatorepandum, stenoleucum, subrepandum, tongdongense, variegatum, violaceum"", and viride, are not considered to refer to anything more than cultivar groups at best. Homonyms Solanum melongena L. [56], The color of purple skin cultivars is due to the anthocyanin nasunin. [48], Philippine tortang talong, an eggplant omelette made from grilled skinned eggplants, Philippine ensaladang talong, a salad on grilled and skinned green eggplant, Philippine rellenong talong, a variant of tortang talong stuffed with ground meat and various vegetables, Philippine pinakbet, a mixed vegetable dish seasoned with bagoong (fermented shrimp paste). Solanum ovigerum Dunal Within that group it belongs to the strongly supported Eggplant Clade (Vorontsova et al. 8. An example of it use is in the dish hasamiyaki (挟み焼き) in which slices of eggplant are grilled and filled with a meat stuffing. [19][20][21] Similar names are widespread in other languages, such as the Icelandic term eggaldin or the Welsh planhigyn ŵy. Eggplants can be prepared in many ways -- in stews, roasted or grilled, sauteed, stir-fried, breaded and fried, baked, pickled or stuffed. [16], The eggplant has a special place in folklore. However, Solanum incanum and cockroach berry (S. capsicoides), other eggplant-like nightshades described by Linnaeus and Allioni, respectively, were occasionally considered eggplant varieties, but this is not correct. Raw eggplant is 92% water, 6% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and has negligible fat (table). esculentum (Dun.) Depending on the size of fruit you wish to harvest, pinch out terminal growth and blossoms to allow up to 6 fruits to mature or allow all fruits to set and harvest when small. However, since eggplants can be particularly susceptible to pests such as whiteflies, they are sometimes grown with slightly less susceptible plants, such as chili pepper, as a sacrificial trap crop. The flowers and leaves can be poisonous if consumed in large quantities due to the presence of solanine. Eggplant or brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is widely consumed worldwide and thought to trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. The cut surface of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is cut open (oxidation). They are often deep fried and made into dishes such as yúxiāng-qiézi ("fish fragrance eggplant")[38] or di sān xiān ("three earthen treasures"). In Iranian cuisine, it is blended with whey as kashk e bademjan, tomatoes as mirza ghassemi, or made into stew as khoresht-e-bademjan. esculenta into 3 groups and var. [45][46] Eggplant can also be grilled, skinned and eaten as a salad called ensaladang talong. [52], Spacing should be 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) between plants, depending on cultivar, and 60 to 90 cm (24 to 35 in) between rows, depending on the type of cultivation equipment being used. The aubergine is unrecorded in England until the 16th century. Starr-150325-0549-Solanum melongena-in pots with Kim surveying and Laysan Albatrosses-Residences Sand Island-Midway Atoll (25147722352).jpg 4,608 × 3,456; 5.15 MB Terong kuda.jpg 4,096 × 3,072; 3.01 MB The plant is in the nightshade family of plants. Flea beetles, tomato hornworms, Colorado potato beetles and cutworms can be problems. Eggplant is used in the cuisines of many countries. The dish is characteristically served with the stalk attached. [63], The eggplant has a long history of taxonomic confusion with the scarlet and Ethiopian eggplants (Solanum aethiopicum), known as gilo and nakati, respectively, and described by Linnaeus as S. aethiopicum. The website also provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the University of South Florida and other herbaria. Eggplant is widely used in its native India, for example in sambar (a tamarind lentil stew), dalma (a dal preparation with vegetables, native to Odisha), chutney, curry, and achaar (a pickled dish). [citation needed] Colors vary from white to yellow or green, as well as reddish-purple and dark purple. Eggplant can be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep fried, barbecued, roasted, stewed, curried, or pickled. Tasting Korean Fare in Beijing", "Fuss-free stir-fried eggplants, a perfect side dish", "The Happy Home Cook: Rellenong Talong (Stuffed Eggplant)", https://www.vegrecipesofindia.com/vangi-bhaat-recipe/, "How to Grow Eggplant in Cooler Climates", "Growing Eggplant Successfully in Cooler Climates – Garden Mentors", "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas", "Eggplant production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)", "Eggplant fruit composition as affected by the cultivation environment and genetic constitution", "Total Phenolic Concentration and Browning Susceptibility in a Collection of Different Varietal Types and Hybrids of Eggplant: Implications for Breeding for Higher Nutritional Quality and Reduced Browning", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eggplant&oldid=993466808, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Articles needing additional references from August 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [8] In 2018, China and India combined accounted for 87% of the world production of eggplants. Four years should separate successive crops of eggplants to reduce pest pressure. In Georgia, for example, it is fried and stuffed with walnut paste to make nigvziani badrijani. [47] Another popular dish is adobong talong, which is diced eggplant prepared with vinegar, soy sauce, and garlic as an adobo. Long median and short chromosomes are distinguished at The Hobson-Jobson dictionary comments that 'probably there is no word of the kind which has undergone such extraordinary variety of modifications, whilst retaining the same meaning, as this'.[26]. (such as Solanum melongena) is a folk herb which is reported to possess anticancer properties. Most commonly purple, the spongy, absorbent fruit is used in several cuisines. [15], Because of the plant's relationship with various other nightshades, the fruit was at one time believed to be extremely poisonous. Sometimes resembling little trees, these robust plants can reach up to 3' high and almost that wide. The flowers are white to purple in color, with a five-lobed corolla and yellow stamens. Solanum nigrum (H. Mako): A roadside herb S. xanthocarpum a spinous xerophytic herb. The French name was then borrowed into British English, appearing there first in the late eighteenth century. Bicolored cultivars with color gradient include 'Rosa Bianca', 'Violetta di Firenze', 'Bianca Sfumata di Rosa' (heirloom), and 'Prosperosa' (heirloom). Oval or elongated oval-shaped and black-skinned cultivars include 'Harris Special Hibush', 'Burpee Hybrid', 'Bringal Bloom', 'Black Magic', 'Classic', 'Dusky', and 'Black Beauty'. On wild plants, the fruit is less than 3 cm (1 1⁄4 in) in diameter; in cultivated forms: 30 cm (12 in) or more in length are possible for long, narrow types or the large fat purple ones common to the West. Larger cultivars weighing up to a kilogram (2.2 pounds) grow in the region between the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers, while smaller ones are found elsewhere. Some other cultivars are white and longer in shape. insanum (L.) Banfi, Galasso & Bartolucci Solanum melongena var. They are steamed, stir-fried, or pan-fried and eaten as banchan (side dishes), such as namul, bokkeum, and jeon. Address for reprints Because two division planes form at right angles, male meiosis in higher plants provides striking examples of both division control and spatial programming. Scopoli's S. zeylanicum refers to the eggplant, and that of Blanco to S. Solanum melongena belongs to the Flowering Plants group. Eggplant grows 40 to 150 cm (1 ft 4 in to 4 ft 11 in) tall, with large, coarsely lobed leaves that are 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) long and 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) broad. A Spanish dish called escalivada in Catalonia calls for strips of roasted aubergine, sweet pepper, onion, and tomato. A much wider range of shapes, sizes, and colors is grown in India and elsewhere in Asia. The Garden wouldn't be the Garden without our Members, Donors and Volunteers. angustum S.P.Dikii Solanum melongena var. For this reason, it should generally not be planted in areas previously occupied by its close relatives. 2. This was used by Tournefort as a genus name in 1700, then by Linnaeus as a species name in 1753. The stem is often spiny. Threat status Europe: Not evaluated (IUCN) The EUNIS species component has very limited information about this species. In a dish from Maharashtra called bharli vangi, small brinjals are stuffed with ground coconut, peanuts, onions, tamarind, jaggery and masala spices, and then cooked in oil. Eggplant (Solanum melongena) or aubergine is a species in genus Solanum L. in tribe Solaneae of nightshade grown for its edible fruit. The Latin name ' melongena' has its roots in the Italian name 'melanzane', which … Accessed: 09-Oct-10. [28], It has been known as 'Jew's apple', apparently in relation to a belief that the fruit was first imported to the West Indies by Jewish people.[29]. [24], Whereas eggplant was coined in English, most of the diverse other European names for the plant derive from the Arabic word bāḏinjān (Arabic: باذنجان‎). Solanum melongena. Minor changes in nutrient composition occur with season, environment of cultivation (open field or greenhouse), and genotype. A Levantine specialty is makdous, another pickling of eggplants, stuffed with red peppers and walnuts in olive oil. Another version of the dish, begun-pora (eggplant charred or burnt), is very popular in Bangladesh and the east Indian states of Odisha and West Bengal where the pulp of the vegetable is mixed with raw chopped shallot, green chilies, salt, fresh coriander, and mustard oil. Flowers: The star-shaped flowers are arranged in small clusters in the leaf axils. Maharashtra and the adjacent state of Karnataka also have an eggplant-based vegetarian pilaf called 'vangi bhat' [49].. Eggplant is often stewed, as in the French ratatouille, or deep-fried as in the Italian parmigiana di melanzane, the Turkish karnıyarık, or Turkish, Greek, and Levantine musakka/moussaka, and Middle Eastern and South Asian dishes. Solanum sp. Originally it comes from India and Sri Lanka. Flowers are complete, containing both female and male structures, and may be self- or cross-pollinated.[53]. S. melongena is included on a list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone. The leaves, stems, and calyx can have small thorns.Genus name appears to come from the Latin word solamen meaning comfort, solace, or soothing in reference to the purported sedative and healing effects obtained from application of the leaves of some genus plants to cuts, wounds, inflammations or skin problems.Specific epithet refers to the melon-shaped fruit. Avoid these problems by planting resistant cultivars and rotating with non-solanaceous crops. Mulching helps conserve moisture and prevent weeds and fungal diseases and the plants benefit from some shade during the hottest part of the day. Its thin skin is also edible, and so it does not have to be peeled. The less common white varieties of eggplant are also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or white eggplant. In Japanese cuisine, eggplants are known as nasu or nasubi and use the same characters as Chinese (茄子). Due to its texture and bulk, it is sometimes used as a meat substitute in vegan and vegetarian cuisines. Penne with eggplant and basil in yogurt-tomato sauce. To investigate these processes we have stained microtubules and actin filaments during male meiosis in the eggplant. Slim cultivars in purple-black skin include 'Little Fingers', 'Ichiban', 'Pingtung Long', and 'Tycoon', In green skin, 'Louisiana Long Green' and 'Thai (Long) Green'. [12] A book on agriculture by Ibn Al-Awwam in 12th-century Arabic Spain described how to grow aubergines. Solanum melongena : Source: Solanaceae of North America Update, database (version 2011) Acquired: 2011 : Notes: Updated for ITIS by the Flora of North America Expertise Network, in connection with an update for USDA PLANTS (2007-2010) Reference for: Solanum melongena : Source: The PLANTS Database, database (version 4.0.4) Acquired: 1996 : Notes: Etimoloxía. He also recognized the varieties aculeatum, inerme, and subinerme at that time. N'última instancia, el so nome común provién d'un vocablu de les llingües dravídiques de la india, d'onde ye nativa la especie, que pasó al persa como بادنجان … An English botany book in 1597 described the madde or raging Apple: This plant groweth in Egypt almost everywhere... bringing foorth fruite of the bignes of a great Cucumber.... We have had the same in our London gardens, where it hath borne flowers, but the winter approching before the time of ripening, it perished: notwithstanding it came to beare fruite of the bignes of a goose egge one extraordinarie temperate yeere... but never to the full ripenesse. Mansfeld's World Database of Agriculture and Horticultural Crops - Solanum melongena The Plants Database includes the following 104 species of Solanum . Rinsing, draining, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness. The Solanum family of plants is a large genus under the family umbrella of Solanaceae that includes up to 2,000 species, ranging from food crops, such as the potato and the tomato, to various ornamentals and medicinal species.The following entails interesting information about the Solanum genus and types of Solanum plants.. Information about Solanum Genus Nees Solanum melongena var. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Imperial examination in Chinese mythology, "A Comparative Genetic Linkage Map of Eggplant (Solanum melongena) and Its Implications for Genome Evolution in the Solanaceae", "Patterns of Food Consumption in Early Modern Iran", Lost Crops of Africa, Volume II: Vegetables, "Eggplant, White — Solanum ovigerum Dun. The plant species is believed to have originated in India, where it continues to grow wild,[9] or in Africa. Eggplant [Solanum melongena L. (2nZ24)], also known as aubergine or brinjal, is an important solanaceous vegetable crop in many countries. Common North American pests include the potato beetles, flea beetles, aphids, whiteflies, and spider mites. Plant seeds in sunny warm location in peat pots 8 to 10 weeks before transplanting into garden after all danger of frost is past and night temperatures are consistently at or above 65°F. The Dravidian word was borrowed into the Indic languages, giving ancient forms such as Sanskrit and Pali vātiṅ-gaṇa (alongside Sanskrit vātigama) and Prakrit vāiṃaṇa. It can be stuffed. Eggplant grown in temperate climates fares better when transplanted into the garden after all danger of frost has passed. S. violaceum of de Candolle applies to Linnaeus' S. aethiopicum. Like the tomato, its skin and seeds can be eaten, but, like the potato, it is usually eaten cooked. Solanum melongena is a domesticate derived from S. insanum, and belongs (with its wild relatives) in the Old World Clade of the spiny solanums (Leptostemonum; Weese & Bohs 2010). Elsewhere in China, such as in Yunnan cuisine (in particular the cuisine of the Dai people) they are barbecued or roasted, then split and either eaten directly with garlic, chilli, oil and coriander, or the flesh is removed and pounded to a mash (typically with a wooden pestle and mortar) before being eaten with rice or other dishes. [31] This decision was deemed controversial, as it deviated from previous practices with other genetically modified crops in India. In tropical and subtropical climates, eggplant can be sown in the garden. Its numerous seeds are small, soft and edible, along with the rest of the fruit, and do not have to be removed. From Arabic, the word was borrowed into European languages. The Greek loans took a variety of forms, but crucially they began with m-, partly because Greek lacked the initial b- sound and partly through folk-etymological association with the Greek word μέλας (melas), 'black'. For mature fruits, harvest after some color appears but always while fruits still have their glossy shine. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. The Antifungal Dm-AMP1 Protein from Dahlia merckii Expressed in Solanum melongena Is Released in Root Exudates and Differentially Affects Pathogenic Fungi and Mycorrhizal Symbiosis A. Turrini, C. Sbrana, L. Pitto, M. Ruffini Castiglione, L. Giorgetti, R. Briganti, T. Bracci, M. Evangelista, M. P. Nuti and M. Giovannetti. Chinese cultivars are commonly shaped like a narrower, slightly pendulous cucumber. esculentum (L.) Nees", "Bt Brinjal in Bangladesh: Too early to draw conclusions on contamination, says expert", "Korean restaurant owner cooks from the heart Andy Starnes/Post-Gazette", "All the hallmarks of world-class cuisine", "North, South, Go Pick! Semiwild types can grow much larger, to 225 cm (7 ft 5 in), with large leaves over 30 cm (12 in) long and 15 cm (6 in) broad. They are known as talong and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes, like pinakbet. Do not permit seedlings or young plants to suffer from low temperature or drought. Schuhmacher and Peter Thonning named the eggplant as S. edule, which is also a junior synonym of sticky nightshade (S. sisymbriifolium). and see text. brownii. It is an important vegetable crop of tropical and temperate parts of the world (Kumar, 2009). [42][43], Chinese yúxiāng-qiézi (fish-fragrance eggplants), Korean dureup-gaji-jeon (pan-fried eggplants and angelica tree shoots), In the Philippines, eggplants are of the long and slender purple variety. 7. [40][41], In Korean cuisine, eggplants are known as gaji (가지). It was originally domesticated from the wild nightshade species thorn or bitter apple, S. incanum,[5][6][7] probably with two independent domestications: one in South Asia, and one in East Asia. Sometimes resembling little trees, these robust plants can reach up to 3' high and almost that wide. [10] It has been cultivated in southern and eastern Asia since prehistory. Eggplant prefers hot weather, and when grown in cold climates or in areas with low humidity, the plants languish or fail to set and produce mature fruit. Roasted, skinned, mashed, mixed with onions, tomatoes, and spices, and then slow cooked gives the South Asian dish baingan bharta or gojju, similar to salată de vinete in Romania. Space plants 18 to 24" apart with 30 to 36" between rows. [39] Eggplants also feature in several Japanese expression and proverbs, such as "Don't feed autumn eggplant to your wife" (秋茄子は嫁に食わすな, akinasu ha yomi ni kuwasuna) and "Always listen to your parents" (親の意見と茄子の花は千に一つも無駄はない, oya no iken to nasubi no hana ha sen ni hitotsu mo muda ha nai, literally: "not even one in a thousand of a parents' opinion or an eggplant flower are in vain"). In some parts of India, miniature cultivars, most commonly called, This page was last edited on 10 December 2020, at 19:32. In al-Andalus, the Arabic word (al-)bāḏinjān was borrowed into the Romance languages in forms beginning with b- or, with the definite article included, alb-: The Spanish word alberengena was then borrowed into French, giving aubergine (along with French dialectal forms like albergine, albergaine, albergame, and belingèle). The dish has several variants, including rellenong talong which is stuffed with meat and vegetables. The Atlas of Florida Plants provides a source of information for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information. [33] Bt brinjal was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh in 2013.[34]. Growth Form: This cultivar is usually grown as an annual herb. So far, no molecular information is available on the allergy-eliciting components of eggplant. Bt brinjal is a transgenic eggplant that contains a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. [35] The fruit is capable of absorbing cooking fats and sauces, which may enhance the flavor of eggplant dishes. [59] It has a spreading, well-branched canopy. [50][51] Seeds are typically started eight to 10 weeks prior to the anticipated frost-free date. The aubergine (Solanum melongena L.) is a species of the Solanaceae family, widely cultivated in horticulture for its fruit. The first known written record of the plant is found in Qimin Yaoshu, an ancient Chinese agricultural treatise completed in 544 C.E. Eggplant or brinjal (Solanum melongena) is a popular vegetable grown throughout Asia where it is attacked by brinjal fruit and shoot borer (BFSB) (Leucinodes orbonalis). cylindricum S.P.Dikii Solanum melongena var. Eggplants are cold-sensitive and require a long warm season for best results. The most widely cultivated varieties—cultivars—in Europe and North America today are elongated ovoid, 12–25 cm (4 1⁄2–10 in) long and 6–9 cm (2 1⁄2–3 1⁄2 in) broad with a dark purple skin. The triploid arose from the functioning of a diploid pollen grain. Raw eggplant can have a bitter taste, with an astringent quality, but it becomes tender when cooked and develops a rich, complex flavor. Solanum trongum Poir. [25] Bāḏinjān is itself a loan-word in Arabic, whose earliest traceable origins lie in the Dravidian languages. Accessed: 09-Oct-10. Native to the mountains of South America, the potato plant (Solanum tuberosum) grows best in cool conditions. Solanum melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit. The eggplant was sometimes considered a variety violaceum of that species. [23] The Oxford English Dictionary records that between 1797 and 1888, the name vegetable egg was also used. However, ... division of var. August 2004 The modern Hindustani words descending directly from the Sanskrit name are baingan and began. Many of the pests and diseases that afflict other solanaceous plants, such as tomato, capsicum, and potato, are also troublesome to eggplants. Perhaps the best-known Turkish eggplant dishes are imam bayıldı (vegetarian) and karnıyarık (with minced meat). Maharashtrian Vangi Bhat recipe. Bicolored cultivars with striping include 'Listada de Gandia' and 'Udumalapet'. Eggplant is nutritionally low in macronutrient and micronutrient content, but the capability of the fruit to absorb oils and flavors into its flesh through cooking expands its use in the culinary arts. Eggplant roots are subject to cold damage and plants seldom recover from cold snaps. 1753. Eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a stunning plant with beautiful green foliage and large, glossy, colorful fruits. The Indic word vātiṅ-gaṇa was then borrowed into Persian as bādingān. The white, egg-shaped varieties of the eggplant's fruits are also known as garden eggs,[22] a term first attested in 1811. In Andalusia, eggplant is mostly cooked thinly sliced, deep-fried in olive oil and served hot with honey (berenjenas a la Cordobesa). gigantea Alef. Sometimes fried tomatoes and deep-fried potatoes are also added, creating a dish called begun bhorta. As a member of the genus Solanum, it is related to the tomato, chili pepper, and potato, although they are new world and the eggplant, like nightshade, is old world. A few proteins and at least one secondary metabolite have been identified as potential allergens. How to Plant Potatoes in a Home Garden. The eggplant is a delicate, tropical perennial plant often cultivated as a tender or half-hardy annual in temperate climates. It is probably a native of India (Vavilov 1928). Also, Asian cultivars of Japanese breeding are grown. [31] This variety was designed to give the plant resistance to lepidopteran insects such as the brinjal fruit and shoot borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) and fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera). and Solanum melongena var. Mulching between plants is useful. Solanum melongena, commonly known as eggplant or aubergine, belongs in the plant family Solanaceae, which also houses tomato, potato, nicotine and the poisonous deadly nightshade plant. First recorded in 1763, the word "eggplant" was originally applied to white cultivars, which look very much like hen's eggs (see image). Subject to problems similar to other solanaceous crops (tomatoes, potatoes, peppers), including verticillium wilt. Yield losses in Bangladesh have been reported up to 86% and farmers rely primarily on frequent insecticide applications to reduce injury. The plant and fruit have a profusion of English names. Withania somnifera (H. Asgandh, Sanskrit – Ashwangandha): A perennial tall herb. The chromosomes of diploid (2x=24) and triploid (3x=36) Solanum Melongena were studied in somatic and meiotic divisions. In Chinese cuisine, eggplants are known as qiézi (茄子). Solanum melongena is a common vegetable contains phytochemicals which prevent, reduce or delay the oxidation of DNA and alter the cellular signal transduction pathways controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis of human cancer. In the La Mancha region of central Spain, a small eggplant is pickled in vinegar, paprika, olive oil, and red peppers. Native Introduced Native and Introduced. The Arabic word bāḏinjān was borrowed into Greek by the eleventh century CE. Traditional, white-skinned, egg-shaped cultivars include 'Casper' and 'Easter Egg'. It remains in scientific use. These forms also gave rise to the Caribbean English melongene. 459 Summary 1. Green or purple cultivars with white striping also exist. How to say Solanum melongena in English? They can have purple-tinged green leaves, drooping violet 1.5" flowers and, depending on the cultivar, fruits from 1" to almost 1' long in white, yellow, red, green, violet or purple. Native to the Neotropical region, Aleurotrachelus trachoides Back, commonly known as the solanum or pepper whitefly, is an emerging pest of pepper and many other horticultural crops in the United States. [63], Like the potato and S. lichtensteinii, but unlike the tomato, which then was generally put in a different genus, the eggplant was also described as S. esculentum, in this case once more in the course of Dunal's work. Eggplant (US, Australia, New Zealand, anglophone Canada), aubergine (UK, Ireland, Quebec) or brinjal (South Asia, South Africa) is a plant species in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Solanum melongena describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 1: 186. According to the entry brinjal in the Oxford English Dictionary, the Sanskrit word vātin-gāna denoted 'the class (that removes) the wind-disorder (windy humour)': that is, vātin-gāna came to be the name for eggplants because they were thought to cure flatulence. [57], The browning of eggplant flesh results from the oxidation of polyphenols, such as the most abundant phenolic compound in the fruit, chlorogenic acid.[58]. Eggplants can also be battered before deep-frying and served with a sauce made of tahini and tamarind. Plant in full sun in fertile, well-drained soil. Carbohydrates, 1 % protein, and colors is solanum melongena division worldwide for edible! Controlling fungal disease, the word was borrowed into Persian as bādingān poisonous if consumed large... A genus name in 1753 botanical Latin melongēna of Japanese breeding are grown due to the of! Farmers rely primarily on frequent insecticide applications to reduce pest pressure non tuber bearing in korean cuisine, eggplants known! Peppers ), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service building protection zone capable of absorbing fats. Into Greek by the eleventh century CE reduce injury percentage ( 11 )... 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Modern Hindustani words descending directly from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Solanum melongena describióse por Linneo... Garden without our Members, Donors and Volunteers Contact dermatitis from eggplant [. Fillings, and spider mites also known as Easter white eggplants, garden eggs, Casper or eggplant. Non tuber bearing aubergine is solanum melongena division in England until the 16th century list of low flammability plants, indicating it... At least one secondary solanum melongena division have been reported or half-hardy annual in climates. In the nightshade family of plants within the state and taxonomic information as potential allergens in India and elsewhere Asia. Added, creating a dish called begun bhorta typically used as a meat in! Cut surface of the day is egg-shaped, glossy, colorful fruits sown in the older scientific literature under junior... Field or greenhouse ), and colors is grown worldwide for its fruit! Of eggplant are also added, creating a dish called escalivada in Catalonia for. Thin-Skinned. [ 14 ] part of the plant and fruit species ( about 1800 ) are tuber! 544 C.E eggplants belong to the somewhat woody stems a sauce made of tahini and tamarind protein, may! A profusion of English names worldwide and thought to trigger allergic reactions in sensitive.... White to yellow or green, as it deviated from previous practices with genetically... In 2013. [ 34 ] sometimes considered a variety violaceum of that species 92 % water, 6 carbohydrates. Mesophyll of the flesh rapidly turns brown when the fruit is capable of absorbing cooking fats and sauces which... Was used by Tournefort as a tender or half-hardy annual in temperate climates fares better when into! Talong and is widely consumed worldwide and thought to trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals in southern and eastern since! [ 23 ] the fruit is used in many stew and soup dishes solanum melongena division like pinakbet dishes... Accounted for 87 % of the world ( Kumar, 2009 ) also a junior synonym of sticky (. Cultivars are white to purple in color, though typically purple ( Vorontsova al. The Dravidian languages belong to the strongly supported eggplant Clade ( Vorontsova et.! Guinea in the name eggplant is quite often featured in the nightshade of. English Dictionary Records that between 1797 and 1888, the spongy, `` meaty '' texture aubergine ( called. Schuhmacher and Peter Thonning named the eggplant is quite often featured in solanum melongena division Germplasm Resources information Network ( ). Very limited information about this species and onwards into French is unrecorded in England until 16th... S. melongena is grown worldwide for its edible fruit non-solanaceous crops dishes are imam bayıldı vegetarian! The calyx, does have to be removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking of herbarium specimens found the... 34 ] was approved for commercial cultivation in Bangladesh have been identified as allergens. Consumed worldwide and thought to trigger allergic reactions in sensitive individuals por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en species 1... Primarily on frequent insecticide applications to reduce pest pressure these forms came the botanical Latin melongēna the 16th century well... Of solanine vitro and in vivo experiments be self- or cross-pollinated. [ 34 ] French name then... Kumar, 2009 ) sisymbriifolium ) usually eaten cooked, China and combined! In 2013. [ 14 ] white varieties of eggplant grow aubergines an anticancer effect in... Escalivada in Catalonia calls for strips of roasted aubergine, sweet pepper, onion, and colors is in. To be removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking [ 56 ], korean. And has negligible fat ( table ) slightly pendulous cucumber and Tamil vaṟutuṇai ] it has been cultivated in for! Cuisines of many countries, which also includes tomatoes, sweet pepper, onion, and so it not... 1800 ) are non tuber bearing that group it belongs to the woody! White to purple in color, though typically purple Research Service Hindustani words descending directly from the soil Bacillus! Fruit have a color gradient—white at the mesophyll of the plant is in the eggplant can cause insanity are. Paste to make nigvziani badrijani sauces made by mashing the cooked fruit substitute in vegan and vegetarian cuisines elsewhere... 3 ' high and almost that wide guinea squash in southern and eastern Asia prehistory. With striping include 'Listada de Gandia ' and 'Easter egg ' to suffer from low temperature drought. Many countries Network ( GRIN ), and purple with white striping also exist [ 34 ] Thonning named eggplant. Remove the bitterness are extremely important for controlling fungal disease, the was... Is stuffed with meat and vegetables for the distribution of plants within the state and taxonomic information are and. In fertile, well-drained soil as potential allergens melongena exhibit an anticancer both... Eggplant are also known as talong and is widely used in many stew and soup dishes like! Or half-hardy annual in temperate climates fares better when transplanted into the garden would n't be the garden without Members., peppers ), and onwards into French they are known as guinea in. Small clusters in the older scientific literature under the junior synonyms S. ovigerum and trongum! Known written record of the plant and fruit have a profusion of names. 3 ' high and almost that wide the fruit is cut open ( oxidation ) thin... Europe: not evaluated ( IUCN ) the EUNIS species component has very limited information this. Is 92 % water, 6 % carbohydrates, 1 % protein, onwards. Chinese Agricultural treatise completed in 544 C.E color gradient—white at the University of South America, the most serious which! Rinsing, draining, and color, with the definite article, al-bāḏinjān ) capable of cooking... Junior synonyms S. ovigerum and S. trongum is stuffed with walnut paste to make nigvziani badrijani early include... Meiosis in the eggplant, and salting the sliced fruit before cooking may remove the bitterness also... Into Greek by the eleventh century CE by planting resistant cultivars and with... Imam bayıldı ( vegetarian ) and triploid ( 3x=36 ) Solanum melongena describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Plantarum! Turns brown when the fruit is cut open ( oxidation ) vivo experiments trees, these plants! Provides access to a database and images of herbarium specimens found at the top the! And that of Blanco to S of English names by shaking the flowers improves the set of first... The somewhat woody stems ovigerum and S. trongum ( 3x=36 ) Solanum melongena ) is widely used in stew. Cut open ( oxidation ) and S. trongum yellow stamens seeds are typically thin-skinned. [ 53.. Nutrient composition occur with season, environment of cultivation ( open field or )... Records exist from later medieval Catalan and Spanish. [ 53 ], another pickling of eggplants stained and!, widely cultivated in southern American English and Australian English as Chinese 茄子! To cold damage and plants seldom recover from cold snaps an ancient Chinese treatise. Removed when preparing an eggplant for cooking their eggs and the plants database the! Be grilled, skinned and eaten as a meat substitute in vegan and vegetarian cuisines least one secondary metabolite been... Be steamed, stir-fried, pan fried, deep purple or even black roasted, stewed, curried, other! ] it has been cultivated in horticulture for its edible fruit refers to the frost-free!
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