[42] Long allied with the Romans, Byzantium officially became a part of the Roman Empire in 73 CE. It was the capital of both the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire . 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Hafta", "Istanbul to host 2020 Champions League final, Uefa confirms", "2008/09: Pitmen strike gold in Istanbul", "Aşçıoğlu Sues Partners in Joint Project Over Ali Sami Yen Land", "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2010–12", "Regulations of the UEFA Europa League 2010/11", "2010 FIBA World Championship Istanbul: Arenas", "Fenerbahce Ulker's new home, Ulker Sports Arena, opens", "2020 Olympics: Six cities lodge bids for the games", "Turkey Grand Prix Heads for the Scrapyard Over $26m Price Tag", "Powerboat P1 – 2009 World Championship – Istanbul, Turkey", "2012 Yarış Programı ve Genel Yarış Talimatı", "Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Anadolu Liseleri Yönetmeliği", "KAL Uygulamalı Yabancı Dil Laboratuvarı", "Istanbul and the History of Water in Istanbul", "Short History of Electrical Energy in Turkey", "YILLAR İTİBARIYLA YAPIMI TAMAMLANMIŞ OTOYOLLAR (2019)", "Lengths Of State Highways by Provinces (Km) (2019)", "Plan for New Bosphorus Bridge Sparks Row Over Future of Istanbul", "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open", "Istanbul Commuters Skeptical of Transit Change", "GEBZE-HALKALI BANLİYÖ HATTI 2018 SONUNDA HİZMETE GİRİYOR", "EBRD Supports Privatisation of Ferry Operations in Istanbul", "How Your Greek Summer Holiday Can Help Save Greece", "2012 Sees End of Line for Haydarpaşa Station", "Eurolines Germany–Deutsche Touring GmbH–Europabus", "Last flight leaves Ataturk as Istanbul switches airports", "Turkish Airlines relocates to new Istanbul Airport", "Turkish Airlines is switching to a new Istanbul airport – all in 45 hours", "Preliminary 2013 World Airport Traffic and Rankings", "Sabiha Gökçen: New Terminal Lands on Time and Budget", "Sabiha Gökçen Named World's Fastest Growing Airport", "Understanding Vehicular Pollution – AQI, Harmful Effects and How to Reduce It? The most authoritative source on this figure ought to be the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (MMI), but the English version of its website suggests a few figures for this area. Istanbul became one of the world’s most important Jewish centers in the 16th and 17th century. [33], The history of the city proper begins around 660 BCE,[34][d] when Greek settlers from Megara established Byzantium on the European side of the Bosphorus. [193] While the project was still on Turkey’s agenda in 2020, there has not been a clear date set for it. [81] Turkish forces of the Ankara government, commanded by Şükrü Naili Pasha (3rd Corps), entered the city with a ceremony on 6 October 1923, which has been marked as the Liberation Day of Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu) and is commemorated every year on its anniversary. [27][28][29][30] The first human settlement on the Asian side, the Fikirtepe mound, is from the Copper Age period, with artifacts dating from 5500 to 3500 BCE,[31] On the European side, near the point of the peninsula (Sarayburnu), there was a Thracian settlement during the early 1st millennium BCE. The former village of Ortaköy is within Beşiktaş and gives its name to the Ortaköy Mosque on the Bosphorus, near the Bosphorus Bridge. [72], A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually to the Tanzimat period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. The crossword clue 'Old name for Istanbul' published 2 time⁄s and has 1 unique answer⁄s on our system. In: Ágoston, Gábor and Bruce Alan Masters. [citation needed]. [185] Ottoman Jews in Istanbul excelled in commerce, trade[186] and came to particularly dominate the medical profession. [86] The population of Istanbul began to rapidly increase in the 1970s, as people from Anatolia migrated to the city to find employment in the many new factories that were built on the outskirts of the sprawling metropolis. [227], Istanbul is home to some of Turkey's oldest sports clubs. [212] Istanbul and its picturesque skyline have also served as a backdrop for several foreign films, including From Russia with Love (1963), Topkapi (1964), The World Is Not Enough (1999), and Mission Istaanbul (2008). [145] Laws enacted after the Ottoman constitution of 1876 aimed to expand this structure across the city, imitating the twenty arrondissements of Paris, but they were not fully implemented until 1908, when the city was declared a province with nine constituent districts. [citation needed] In the run-up to local elections in 2019, Erdoğan claimed 'if we fail in Istanbul, we will fail in Turkey'. [258], There are 52 universities in Istanbul, 41 of which are private. [60] On 29 May 1453, after an eight-week siege (during which the last Roman emperor, Constantine XI, was killed), Sultan Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured Constantinople and declared it the new capital of the Ottoman Empire. The largest non-Sunni Muslim group, accounting 10–20% of Turkey's population,[172] are the Alevis; a third of all Alevis in the country live in Istanbul. [119] Galata (Karaköy) is today a quarter within the Beyoğlu (Pera) district, which forms Istanbul's commercial and entertainment center and includes İstiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. [167] This growth was fueled by internal and international migration. [62], Following the conquest of Constantinople[f], Mehmed II immediately set out to revitalize the city. [146][147] This system continued beyond the founding of the Turkish Republic, with the province renamed a belediye (municipality), but the municipality was disbanded in 1957.[89][148]. The Cağaloğlu street on which the newspaper was printed, Bâb-ı Âli Street, rapidly became the center of Turkish print media, alongside Beyoğlu across the Golden Horn. Areas around İstiklal Avenue were filled with grand European embassies and rows of buildings in Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival and Art Nouveau styles, which went on to influence the architecture of a variety of structures in Beyoğlu—including churches, stores, and theaters—and official buildings such as Dolmabahçe Palace. [citation needed], More recently, Istanbul and many of Turkey's metropolitan cities are following a trend away from the government and their right-wing ideology. In: Edhem, Eldem. Türk Telekom Arena opened in 2011 to replace Ali Sami Yen Stadium as Galatasaray's home turf,[235][236] while Vodafone Park, opened in 2016 to replace BJK İnönü Stadium as the home turf of Beşiktaş, hosted the 2019 UEFA Super Cup game. The whole city was generally known as Constantinople or under other names. Many politicians, including the President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, are of the view that a political party's performance in Istanbul is more significant than its general performance overall. The O-1 forms the city's inner ring road, traversing the 15 July Martyrs (First Bosphorus) Bridge, and the O-2 is the city's outer ring road, crossing the Fatih Sultan Mehmet (Second Bosphorus) Bridge. Many of the city's most popular and upscale seafood restaurants line the shores of the Bosphorus (particularly in neighborhoods like Ortaköy, Bebek, Arnavutköy, Yeniköy, Beylerbeyi and Çengelköy). Although the Kurdish presence in the city dates back to the early Ottoman period,[180] the majority of Kurds in the city originate from villages in eastern and southeastern Turkey. Pliny claims Ligos (Lycos) was the first settlement established in İstanbul. It was built at the behest of Sultan Bayezid II, who sought to bring students with diverse backgrounds together as a means of strengthening his growing empire. [266], Istanbul's first water supply systems date back to the city's early history, when aqueducts (such as the Valens Aqueduct) deposited the water in the city's numerous cisterns. 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